# Big Eye Liberties

Keywords: Tactics

Eyes of more than 3 spaces are big eyes. Big eyes have more eye liberties than the number of empty points in the eye. The following diagrams explain. Beware however, big eyes can be small in the corner.

The following discussion follows from the small eye liberties page.

Karl Knechtel: These diagrams show the big-eyed groups completely surrounded. Liberties are kind of useless in these cases. Please refer to the examples at the bottom of the page for more practical application.

As a summary of the number of internal liberties each shape has in a capturing race, see the table below.

Shape Liberties
Bulky Four 5
Bulky Five 8
Bulky Six 12
Bulky Seven 17

### Four-space big eye: five liberties

Four-space big eye

Using the same theory as in small eye liberties, we do the same counting for the four-space eye, the first big eye. First we count two liberties at the marked stones; now Black has three liberties left, because after White plays atari at a, and Black answers at b, we get...

Four-space big eye, continued

... a three-space eye.

So a four-space big eye has 2 + 3 = 5 liberties.

That's three liberties for the "three-space eye" and two more liberties for the additional step above.

The other four-space big eye

Karl Knechtel: This result also holds for the "square" arrangement for a 4-point eye. Other 4-point eye spaces are alive. Remember that two eyes trumps any consideration of liberties from a "capture-or-be-captured" perspective.

The other four-space big eye (after reduction)

Again we count two liberties before the first capture, and three this time around. White's next play must be at the indicated point, or else Black makes life.

Note the difference though: The square cannot provide two eyes since it takes two moves in a row to DivideTheSpace; the T-shape (pyramid four) depends on sente. As a result, if a semeai starts involving the group with a T-shaped eye, there has already been a play inside, so only four liberties remain.

### Five-space big eye: eight liberties

Five-space big eye

The same theory goes, counting three marked stones, and after the exchange of White a and Black b, we have...

Five-space big eye, continued

... a four-space big eye with five liberties.

Summing up, a five-space big eye has 3 + 5 = 8 liberties.

By the way, this shape is also known as the bulky five.

That's five liberties for the "four-space big eye" and three more liberties for the additional step above. You get the idea.

Karl Knechtel: The greek cross also provides 8 liberties in the same way. Both of these shapes can be made alive if Black gets to play next, so as before, these shapes generally give only 7 liberties in a semeai. Other 5-point shapes are alive.

### Six-space big eye: 12 liberties

Six-space big eye

The last case, a six-space big eye...

Six-space big eye, continued

... will get reduced to a five-space big eye.

It has 4 + 8 = 12 liberties.

Karl Knechtel: Yet again, you really only get 11 liberties in a semeai, since opponent will have already played here - otherwise, you can make life.

### Seven-space big eye: 17 liberties

A very reduced set of eyes of seven spaces can be killed.

Seven-space big eye

White can almost Fill Black's 7 space big eye with a Rabbitty Six, a killing shape. After Black captures, a six space eye remains, leaving 12 liberties. Black's capture cancels out one of the five stones, giving a grand total of 17 liberties.

Karl Knechtel: This time, there must be two plays ahead of time by White in order to make it impossible to Divide the Space:

Indivisible seven-space big eye

There are two implications of this fact:

• The situation is extremely rare.
• If this actually comes up and there is a semeai, you get 17 - 2 = 15 more liberties.

This is a boundary case of sorts: All seven-space eyes are alive normally, but some of them are extensions of the unique 6-point dead shape, and can thus be turned dead with enough stones inside. Since there are no dead 7-point shapes, it is impossible to kill a group with an 8-point eye in this way. (This assumes alternating play after the inside group is captured, with the owner of the captured group going first.) This is why, although we can extend the proverb to say "... and seven is seventeen", it makes no sense to continue with "... and eight is twenty-three".

HandOfPaper: For those who are curious, the formula for continuing the uselessness is "n is (n^2-3n+6)/2".

### Summary

The theory is summarized by the proverb Four Is Five And Five Is Eight And Six Is Twelve : 4=5, 5=8, 6=12.

The math formula is {:(k-1)(k-2):}/2 + 2 or HandOfPaper's formula (n^2-3n+6)/2

iopq: In a semeai, then what counts is 4 = 5 with no stones inside, 5 = 7 with one stone inside, 6 = 11 with one stone inside and 7 = 15 with two stones inside.

I would Like to add the recursive formula, that is very easy to memorize: f(n) = n-2 + f(n-1) for n>=4, where f(n) is the number of liberties the big n-eyespace has. With that one only has to remember f(3)=3.

psygo?: I ended up with the same reasoning you guys came up with first. I wrote a more thorough post about it here: https://fanaro.com.br/recursion-fibonacci-in-go/