(Dieter: moved from unconditional life, please check for missing references, in particular if references to diagrams are still as intended)
jvt: Benson's terminology is confusing: unconditionally alive usually means alive without ko in Go literature.
Charles Matthews The point here would be that 'alive', the status of a group, isn't the same as 'no possible threats' against it', as in 'no ko threats ever possible'. Absolutely alive expresses the idea better, perhaps.
Dieter: Almost all analyses of Go positions are based on the assumption of (local) alternating play. The case where one of the players tenuki, is (should be) stated explicitly and should not determine the classification of the position. Therefore, unconditional life assuming alternating play is a much more useful concept than unconditional life assuming a free road for either side and the latter should IMHO not be the meaning of unconditional life. A ko implies that the assumption of alternating play is disturbed in a very explicit way, so the ko becomes the condition on which life hinges.
Bill: My own sense, since long before hearing about Benson's terminology, has been that being able to live with alternating play, even when the opponent plays first, simply means being alive, not unconditional life. Unconditional life means being alive, no matter what the opponent may do.
Charles But that's not standard usage.
Bill: I believe that it is standard English usage of unconditional.
Zook: It depends, Bill. There are conditions under which the defender isn't alive which you may not have thought of:
and so on ...
English is of little value here. What people use to call unconditional, is what matters.
Bill: Zook, you caught me while I was editing myself. Here is what I intended to add. And you are right. I was making certain assumptions, which I think the following makes clear.
Actually, I do not think the issue is the meaning of unconditional life, but the standard assumption for go problems of alternating local play. In a different context, where that assumption is not made, unconditional life refers to different positions. In particular, if a position is on the board in the context of a game, a group that might be called unconditionally alive in a problem may die in a ko fight when a ko threat is ignored. It is not unconditionally alive in that context. Context matters.
(A bit later.) I think that we can say the following:
Charles No, it is the case that (outside the narrow discussion of Benson's algorithm) unconditional life refers to a status - which may change indeed.
Bill: Well, as I originally said, I have used the word in this sense without reference to Benson's algorithm. Also, taking a look at the status page, its context seems to be life and death problems. In addition, it refers to being alive, not unconditionally alive. The classification scheme (alive, dead, unsettled) is not fine-grained.
Charles No - the first section of the page isn't about life and death. The second, which is, refers back to the first.
Anyway, I think Benson shouldn't be on a Beginner page, in any form. I think unconditional life should alias to alive, and the discussion be carried out there.
Bill: I agree about Benson not being on a Beginner page, and have changed the difficulty level. As for aliasing to alive, this whole discussion is about the difference between being alive and being unconditionally alive.
Anyway, beginners quickly understand unconditional life, as in the first diagram on this page. It's life, as in the second diagram, that requires additional explanation.
Charles Oh Bill - how many beginners do you see in a year? Can you take the point that some of us are at the sharp end of teaching, and regard this sort of comment as unrealistic? The Benson definition, as 'no ko threats now or ever', is well out of the mainstream. It's just a theory/computing concept.
Bill: I am not talking about Benson's algorithm, I am talking about unconditional life. We agree about whether beginners should be exposed to that algorithm (not). But in explaining the rudiments of life and death, I start with Diagram 1 or the like, and later move on to Diagram 2 or the like, and I suspect that you do, too.
We may not use the term, unconditional life, but I, anyway, always explain that there is no way that White can capture the Black group in Diagram 1. In addition, I do it exactly as outlined in the definition at the top of this page. I let White play with no play by Black. I suspect that you do, too.
As for Diagram 2, how do you explain that the Black group is alive? I say that if White plays at b or c, Black plays the other one, to produce a group that White cannot capture. If beginners do not understand unconditional life, they cannot understand life.
Charles One can demonstrate Diagram 1, without introducing any definition that distinguishes these cases of life:
Bill: No, but that is not what I am claiming. We both agree that you do not get into such questions with beginners.
Charles You said above that beginners 'quickly understand unconditional life'. I can't agree. It is a remarkable beginner who understands any of this. That's why I posted the three diagrams.
Bill: There are levels of understanding, Charles. I certainly cannot solve all life and death problems, but that does not mean that I do not understand the concept of life. If a beginner understands that there is no way that White can capture the Black group in the first diagram, and that Black does not have to defend it, then she has an understanding of the concept of unconditional life. That does not mean that she has a level of understanding that would allow her to decide complex positions. And that is not what I claimed.
Furthermore, she builds upon that understanding of unconditional life to understand life that requires defensive moves. If she had no understanding of unconditional life, she could not understand life under alternating play. (Not that she will ever understand everything about that, either.)
But neither do you (neither do I, anyway) simply say that the corner group is alive because it has two eyes. I justify that by pointing out that the opponent cannot capture it, even with no defense. I do not introduce a new term and define it. Why bother? But I do teach the concept, which explains the new in terms of the more familiar.
Seriously, Charles, do you just say that the group has two eyes, and that makes it alive, with no further explanation? Do you not make the point that no further defense is necessary?
Charles Firstly, I'd always vary the lesson according to the student. Today, for example, I was teaching in a cognitive therapy group for people recovering from head injuries. Last Friday a nine-year-old. On Monday university students.
Secondly I think being minimalist with explanations is good, for most people. Diagram 1 shows a position terminal for good play. I'm much more likely to emphasise the mistake of filling in an eye, than to introduce an 'alive' concept. I would use the word 'safe'; that's a way of explaining the primary object of the game (make territory in your safe groups). So my point from Diagram 1 is typically 'groups can be safe' rather than 'you don't need to defend this group further', which is a different kind of point that comes later (as in the three eyes better than two syndrome).
Bill: Thank you, Charles. :-)
Evand: How about we use the term invincible to refer to a group which can never be killed by the opponent, even given multiple consecutive plays? That seems to be clear and obvious, and not in use elsewhere. Then unconditional life can be either ignored as being ambiguous, or used for a problem to mean alive without ko, or whatever.
RafaelCaetano: I don't think we can choose to use another term. The term unconditionally alive is already in use in both senses. But, as Charles said, Benson's usage is usually restricted to theoretical or go programming contexts. Considering the different contexts, it's hard to confuse them; unless you bring it to the Wiki, where things get easily out of context.
I can't see why beginners (or advanced players, for that matter) have to understand Benson's unconditionally alive to understand life. How would it help in a case like below?
Bill: Rafael, beginners do not have to understand Benson's algorithm to understand life. But they do have to understand that there are groups that cannot be captured by the opponent, even without defense. They do not have to differentiate every case, because, as we know, it is extremely unlikely that a group like the one above will be captured. What they do have to understand about the Black group above, if the question even comes up, is that it may be defended (if need be) by making a group that is unconditionally alive. The concept of (independent, defensible) life depends upon the ability of the defender to make a group that he does not have to defend. That is why the concept of unconditional life is basic.
Charles Given the precedent here of ko nomenclature, I don't see why the 'Benson' use has to be recognised on SL. We can easily use another term, just noting the usage in an appropriate place .
Bill: Aside from Robert's definition above, there are at least two more non-Benson definitions of unconditional life here on SL.
See Landman's and Knechtel's definitions on Formal Definitions of Eye.
Howard Landman Consider:
Both of the White groups are alive, in that they cannot be captured by alternating play. If Black plays a, the left White group lives at b, or the right White group lives by playing at c (to prevent Black d). However, a is a double threat for Black; after he plays it, both of the White groups are killable, and White can only save one of them. Thus the notion of "alive" based on alternating play is incomplete without discussing the possibility of external threats or moves in sente. Alternate play only also cannot give the CGT value of a group's status, which may in general require looking at an arbitrary number of moves in a row by either player.
[Bill:] Each of White's groups is alive, but not both.
(Marathon) Backing up a little, and referring to OTF's diagram labeled "Black 'unconditionally' alive": It depends on the rule set in use. Under New Zealand Rules, it would be "Black 'conditionally' alive" but "Black 'unconditionally' alive" under rule sets that do not allow suicide, as Chinese or Japanese.